Homework: 'Pressure' (1976)

What event occurred in the 1970s and 1980s that represent the presence of racial tensions?

Britain in the 1970s...

• Population in the 1970s was around 54 million.
• There were a number of major strikes that took place in this decade, including: postal strikes, miner strikes and dustmen strikes.
• In February 1972, a three day working week was imposed in order to save electricity.
• Water supplies reached a critical low after a long drought spell in the summer of 1976.
• The Queen's Silver Jubilee was celebrated all round the country in 1977.
• Technology was rapidly increasing, with 91% of families in Britain having a TV by 1971.
• The first domestic microwave, VHS video recorder and Sony Walkman also became available to the public during the 1970s.
• The currency rate of money in Britain also went under dramatic changes.
• The 1970s were also the era of global travel, with the first Pan Am Boeing 747 jetplane landing in Heathrow airport in 1970.

Britain in the 1980s...

• Population of Britain in 1981 was just over 56 million, a 2 million increase in ten years.
• In 1982, over 50% of households in Britain how had a telephone.
• 1988, the first digital mobile phone was invented, although they were expensive and large.
• In 1982, Argentina invaded the Falklands and Britain became involved in the Falklands War.
• The fan heater, kettle, hair dryer, toaster, microwave and phone all became more accessibly to homes in Britain during the 1980s.
• Seat belts were made compulsory for the front seats of cars in 1983.
• Microsoft computer software was invented in 1985, and the World Wide Web was first thought of in 1989.

Racial Tensions in Britain in the 1970s...

• Groups known as the 'Skinheads' or 'Skins' in the 1970s were linked with far-right political views and racism, despite being known for listening to reggae music and using black slang in their language.
• Young Afro-Caribbean Londoners took up what is known as the 'Rasta' lifestyle, adopted from the Rastafarians from the Caribbean. The lifestyle that this group of people adopted was due to them wanting to establish an identity as black people living in London at the time, a new identity away from previous generations who stuck with the stereotype of them being 'West Indian Immigrants'.
• This particular group though experienced a number of racial tensions in the 1970s, with members of these group being made to feel that London was like a place of exile and a place where only conflict that was caused by racial tensions took place.
• The National Front was a political party and was set up in 1967, and by the year 1973 had around 17,000 members. The party had a large number of activists between 1976 and 1977, with a number of these members creating race wars and committing a number of racist attacks.
• There were a reported 31 murders of black people in racist attacks between 1976 and 1981.
• One of the victims was 17 year old Sikh teenager, Gurdip Singh Chaggar, who was stabbed to death in a brutal attack by 5 white youths on 4th June 1976. Despite his murderers being found, they were never convicted of their crime, and the police dismissed the murder as having nothing to do with a racial discrimination.
• Open racism in Britain reached breaking point in the Southall Riots on 23rd April 1979. A mass fight broke out after thousands of protestors gathered to protest against a campain meeting by the National Front.
• The cause for this mass protest was due to the fact this campaign meeting was taking place in Southall Town Hall, an area which at the time was one of the countries largest areas of Asian communities.
• 40 people, including 21 police were injured in the fight that broke out, with a further 300 being arrested. There was also one death, a 33 year old teacher originally from New Zealand died after receiving severe head injuries which were reportedly from a police baton.

(information from collectiveidentitywork.com)

Why do you think Pressure was made?

"Pressure is a product of its time, but the issues and themes it explores remain relevant to the black experience in Britain today, including the cycle of educational deprivation, poverty, unemployment and antisocial behaviour. The depiction of police harassment and the controversial 'sus' (suspicion) laws is echoed by the similar, and equally controversial, 'Stop and Search' policy of today. The film also explores media under-reporting and misrepresenting of black issues and protests.

The film is shot in a gritty realist style, with an often documentary feel. It convincingly captures the spirit of the 1970s, a pivotal period for race relations in Britain and the politicisation of a generation. The performances - from a cast including many non-professional actors - are also excellent.

What is surprising is how forthright and critical the film is of the British system, in what were very sensitive times. The police are presented as corrupt and overtly racist, indeed a casual racism seems to permeate all aspects of society. It is also critical of the black response, and isn't afraid to show friction within the Black community between those who are disillusioned, with little hope and content to exist on the dole and those who are politically active and fight for change, and between the older generation, content to know its place, not wanting to 'stir up trouble', and a younger generation willing to fight for its rights. Pressure remains a key Black British film, which helps to demonstrate how modern multi-cultural Britain was shaped." -screenonline.org.uk

What examples of racism are represented in Pressure?

-lowest paid jobs are available to the Black people
-pressurized by society to conform to the social norms of the Black culture
-Black power politics
-when Tony is not allowed into his White friends house because the landlord will not allow him

How does the theme of collective identity come across in Pressure?

• • the use of the mise en scene represents to the audience how the main character of Tony and his family and friends react to their experience of racism living in Britain within the 1970s.
  Four main aspects of the characters lives which represent to the audience the changing values of Tony and how he deals with the racism seen experienced by him in the film.

Food - Cultural Signifier:

• In the breakfast scene, Tony is seen to be eating what appears to be a fry up, a typical British breakfast, while his brother is seen eating an avocado, breakfast more typical of a Caribbean lifestyle.
• As well as the obvious difference in the foods the brothers are eating, there is also a difference in how these two characters are eating their meals. Tony is portrayed as eating 'properly' with a knife and fork, while his older brother Colin is eating his meal with his hands.
• Tony is also presented as having a love for the traditional British food of fish & chips, even in one scene of the film rejecting his mother's offer of rice and peas for dinner and instead opting to go out and buy fish & chips for himself.
• Another scene in the film also sees Tony out with a group of his friends, all of whom are going to buy some patties, a traditional Jamaican meal. However, Tony once again chooses to not join his friends in this and instead chooses to have chips again.

Physical Environment:

• The films setting of London is portrayed as being a harsh environment for black people to live in at the time the film is set in the 1970s.
• Tony is presented as being accepted by the younger generation of white people and is not seen to be 'alienated' when he is with this particular crowd of people. He fits in, and his group of friends clearly accept him for who he is.
• However, he appears to be more alienated and vulernable to the people around him in scenes where he is walking through the streets on his own.
• In ways, when Tony is walking through the streets on his own wearing the style of clothes that white people would be wearing at the time, he looks as though he doesn't know who he is and where he belongs in Britain.
• The flat where Tony lives with his older brother and his parents is your standard middle class lifestyle flat, with his father owning his own shop thats below where they live.
• Their home environment is typical of the conditions that middle class black people would have lived in in the 1970s, though despite this fact, a number of Tony's West Indian friends are basically homeless and are squatting in unused houses which are in extremely poor conditions.

Hair & Fashion:

• As Tony's identity as a black person living in Britain becomes more apparent to him throughout the film, his style and fashion change with him.
• At the beginning of the film, he is seen wearing clothes typically worn by white kids living in Britain at the time.
• In comparison to other black people in the film he stands out in terms of his image, and the major difference in his appearance and that of other black people in the film represents him to the audience as being 'different' due to him being born in Britain.
• As the film goes on and Tony is seen discovering his identity as a black person in Britain, the way his hair is styled and the clothes which he wears evolve into the style that is basically the same as the other black characters in the film.
• A key point in the film which presents this is when Tony goes to the first black power meeting. While the audience originally sees him wearing typically British style of clothes for the time, it is from this scene onwards that we see him wearing clothes more similar to that of other black people at the meeting.

Language:

• Language plays a large role in how Tony is presented to the audience as a black teenager living in 1970s Britain.
• Tony speaks in what could be described as being typical British speech. His accent is typical of a London accent, and throughout the film it is clear to the audience that he has picked up a cockney accent through being born and raised in the London area.
• The fact that all of the other black characters in the film have a Caribbean accent portrays to the audience how Tony through being born and growing up in Britain has almost lost part of his culture, he doesn't have that link with the Caribbean that his family and friends who are originally from the West Indies have.

(information from collectiveidentitywork.com)

Homework: 'Racialisation'

Racialisation- Processes of the discursive production of racial identities. It signifies the extension of racial meanings to a previously racially unclassified relationship, social practice, or group. -allwords.com

Emigration- To leave ones place of residence or country to live elsewhere. –Merriam-webster.com

Migration- To move from one county, place, or locality to another. –merriam-webster.com

Immigrant – A person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence. –merriam-webster.com

Investigate what was happening in Britain between 1948-1962

Asian Immigration was high in Britain between 1948 and 1962; workers from the Asian colonies could migrate to Britain without any restrictions. U until 1962 every Commonwealth citizen was entitled to enter the United Kingdom whenever they wished to.

The British Nationality Act of 1948, allowed citizens of British colonies to simply apply to the Home Office for registration of British nationality and then were issued with a certificate confirming this.

The South Asian citizens who were able to obtain certificates included many of whom had come to Britain from other colonies, such as indentured labourers from the West Indies and families who had previously settled within East Africa. 

How was the social landscape changing?

The Commonwealth Act of 1948 meant all citizens of the ex-Empire could come to the UK. 1948 saw the SS Empire Windrush bring over thousands of Jamaicans and Caribbean service men and women. The West Indians and Asians took many of the jobs that British would not do. The previous pressure on food supplies had disappeared by 1954.

Both British capitalists and sections of the British State were encouraging emigration to the UK from the Caribbean and Jamaica during the 1950s and 1960s. In the 60s Government ministers and private employers both started to recruit directly from the West Indies. A concern had risen due to the number of ‘coloured’ people in the 50s, but race had not become an issue until the Watershed year (1958). The Notting Hill and Nottingham riots added race to the social and political agenda, making race a big issue. During the riots groups of white men-otherwise known as the Teddy boys-both assaulted and harassed black people because of the colour of their skin. 

How did the changing social landscape lead to a ‘racialization’ of British politics?

            Concern arose as early as 1948-after the Empire Windrush had arrived- as people believed the harmful effects of Black immigration had on the ‘racial character of the English people’.  The Labour party had addressed the Conservative party over this issue.

Key events altering the social landscape of Britain:

·       1962 Act: State regulation of Commonwealth immigration, entry restrictions on British Commonwealth citizens (primary immigration dependent on a work voucher) – intended targets were Black or Asian

·       1962-Commonwealth Immigrants Act

·       1968-Commonwealth Immigrants Act

·       1971-Immigration Act

·       1981-Immigration Act

·       1981-Nationality Act

·       1985-New Visa System

·       White people became increasingly concerned that those from the West Indies were taking all the jobs, which in turn made it more difficult for the white people to get a employment

·       1960’s: over 12000 Kenyan and Asian refugees came to Britain due to ongoing violence in their country. Politician Jim Callahan passed a Commonwealth Immigration Bill meaning that there would be no free entry for commonwealth immigrants.

·       MP Enoch Powell:  described the country as ‘mad’ to allow such a high number of immigrants into the country (‘The River’s of Blood’ speech)

Overview of the Topic

Again from the lesson I had missed, the class had an overview of the elements we were going to be looking at within 'Critical Perspectives in Media'. Collective ID - Week 1

View more PowerPoint from Belinda Raji

Sapphire

I was not in the lesson to watch the film 'Sapphire' but to gain a basic understanding I read this resource given to us. How has race been constructed in Sapphire?

View more documents from Belinda Raji

Summer Task:Black Britain

Summer Task: 'What is Black British culture?'

Write at least 450-600 words on what you have learnt from the radio programme, include what you think is Black British culture.

                From this radio programme I have been able to understand the many ways in which the Black migration from the Caribbean to Britain has changed the modern day culture we live with and have today in Britain.

                A major part of the Caribbean culture is festivals it is a chance for the community to come together, interact with each other and celebrate. The African-Caribbean communities also carried on this tradition when they came to Britain. Annually, the Notting Hill Carnival is organised and is the largest street festival within Europe; attracting around 1.5 million people each year.

                The Caribbean also brought with them their food now consumed regularly throughout Britain-it was necessary for this change of diet as Caribbean immigrants found differences in diet and the availability of food an uncomfortable challenge. The most recognised Caribbean food brands found within Britain are Dunns River, Jamaican Sunpride, Walkerswood and Grace Foods.

                Another way in which British culture has been adopted through the Black British community is through religion. Many Black people continued to practice Non-conformist Protestant denominations along with Evangelical influences including Pentecostalism and Seventh Day Baptism. Many African-Caribbean communities involved Gospel Music; this type of music came to play a part in British cultural life. Afro-Caribbean’s played a major role in establishing British gospel choirs, most recognisable the London Community Gospel Choir.

                The language of the former British West-Indies was English, therefore there few communication difficulties between the Black people and White people. However indigenous British people were not used to the Caribbean dialects, creoles and patois spoken by many migrants and their descendants which became challenging when education was involved.

                Media is easily influenced by new trends frequently; the African-Caribbean style of acting is no different. It would be hard to imagine some of Britain’s most iconic programmes without the likes of Rudolph Walker (Love Thy Neighbour) and Don Warrington (Rising Damp). The Black community has had a positive impact upon the British entertainment industry; this is obvious with one of the most well-known comedians- Lenny Henry- being of Afro-Caribbean descent.

                There is no doubt that the African-Caribbean community has had a great impact on the music we now listen to in Britain. Along with the large-scale migration to Britain, brought a variety of musical styles; it did not take long for these new styles to gain tremendous popularity with the British people. The very first musical element brought with the Windrush was ‘Calypso’. Jamaican music styles reached Britain in the 1960s, becoming the staple music for many British youths; this type of music was known as ‘Ska’. In 1969, the British African Caribbean Ska band Symarip recorded “Skinhead Moonstomp” which had a huge effect on the British Ska scene. The Ska sound and ‘rude boy’ imagery inspired a generation of white working-class youth (especially mods and skinheads) and later helped spawn Britain’s multi-cultural 2 Tone movement in the late 1970s.

                To me Black British culture in different to those who do and those who do not accept change. I believe there would be an extreme hole in modern Britain if the Windrush had not made its maiden journey to the Caribbean. So many aspects of what we perceive to be British including music, media, catering, the arts and so much more. The migration of the African-Caribbean has transformed Britain into an amazing open multi-cultural place to live. 

Summer Task: Radio Extract

Who is being represented?

This radio extract is based upon the Notting Hill Race Riots of 1958. Therefore both Black people and White people are being represented as the presenter talks about both groups of people. Ultimately the radio extract does mostly mention Black people and their place in society .

What is being represented?

“mass interbreeding”

The extract discusses the issues of Black integration and the violence which has come as a result of the migration.

“I was determined that Britain would never be kept white”

How is the representation constructed? (Communicated?)

This representation is communicated quite simply by the presenter stating the event which took place (Race Riots) and then expanding on what happened although at the same time he is exaggerating by almost taking the words of the Black man and using them out of context; this could be used in a manipulating way to support his own argument.